HISTORY OF THE PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR / DETECTIVE

Early Detective Agency Advertising And
Private Investigative Trends From The Past
By Ralph D Thomas

The private investigative profession is rich in history when it comes to past trends, marketing and advertising and we can always learn something from studying this.  Private investigators are also called detectives, p.i.'s, sleuths and gumshoes, and private eyes. The newest service private investigators do is called decoy's where female or male investigators wire themselves up to test the fidelity of another. The Spy And Private-Eye Museum has collected an assortment of artifacts from the past along these lines and I thought I would share them with you. private investigator, private detective, PI, private eye, child custody, alimony, surveillance, hotel, body guard, celebrity, intelligence, private security, interrogation, courts, criminology, infidelity,  Private investigator From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. A private investigator, private detective, PI, or private eye, is a person who can be hired by individuals or companies.

Fred Otash Hollywood Private Investigator, Several Space Ads On Fred Otash, 1960's Fred Otash Detective Bureau Ad, November 1960 Fred Otash was a very famous private detective of the 1960's that most of the known Hollywood celebrities used. Upon the death of Marilyn Monroe, Peter Lawford called this man. Fred Otash operated at a time in Hollywood before no-fault divorces in which almost everyone who was anyone hired a private-eye if they were getting a divorce. The phone book was full of them. You can click on the above link to see larger images of the ads and learn more about Fred Otash.

Powell National Detective Agency Ad, Denver Colorado, And The Dictograph Trend,1931 Note the fact that Powell National Detective Agency offered what was called Dictograph Services. Click on the blue link to learn all about what the Detective Dictograph was. Since Dictograph services is listed first and in all caps, you can assume this was a big thing for the agency. The Dictograph at the time was a modern, new age, high tech audio listening device that was the marvel of it's time. The agency was founded, according to the ad; in 1910. In 1931, they had thus been in business for 21 years. Mr. Powell was likely very well established. Note the wordage "Frequently Using Camera" and "Conducted Without Publicity". It's interesting to note that Powell National Detective Agency listed "employee investigations for firms and corporations" at this time period. In this era, surveillance was called shadowing. Note that this ad listed a main number and then three separate telephone numbers below for after hours calls. William Powell's home address is listed in the 1931 Denver phone book as (and we quote) Powell, William, r W 12th And Wadsworth Av TAbor 6975

Tin Signs And A Trend From The Past For many decades private investigative services made very good income by offering packaged protection services for retail businesses. The packages consisted of offering to investigate and recover any loss that might happen and provide security consulting type services. Most of the larger agencies had tin signs made up that retailers could hang in their window notifying all that they were protected. These tin signs often stated that rewards were already in effect for any loss. These tin signs were also a very good way of advertising investigative services. You could often go into a business retail area which was almost always the main street down town and find a huge percentage of small businesses with signs like these hanging in their windows. For a long time, many agencies also offered burglar alarm services to go along with their security package. As centralized burglar alarm services came into being, law enforcement got much better and more organized, these types of services offered on a large scale by a private detective bureau died out. Here is a description of the signs listed above which you can click on to get bigger photos and more information about the signs and investigative agencies behind them. Standard Secret Service Detective Bureau Sign, Philadelphia, Early 1900's American Agency Private Investigation Sign, Birmingham, Al. 1950's Pinkerton Detective Agency Jeweler's Security Alliance Protection Notice Sign 1800's

Central Identification And Investigative Bureau Letter Opener, 1941 Some things never change. The purpose of an advertising specialty is to get a client or potential client to keep something on their desk with your name, address and phone number right in front of them so they call you when they need you. What better product than a letter opener a potential client would keep on their desk. When an investigation is needed when the potential client is at their desk, who are they going to call?

Leonard Delue Secret Service Investigators Ad Denver, 1931 In this time period, private investigative services were often called "Secret Service Investigators." Let's see what else we can quickly find out about Leonard Delue and his Secret Service Investigators from the ad. Note the logo. It's likely a combination of the Masonic Mason logo with a finger print in the middle. We checked and sure enough, Leonard Delue was a Mason in 1931. Note that Leonard Delue listed both his day office phone and night phone. Note also the phone numbers. In 1934, there was only a two digit prefix. KE-1397 would get the service during the day and FR-6348 would connect you at night to what was Leonard Delue's home phone. We checked a 1934 phone book for Denver and sure enough, there was a Leonard Delue listed at a home address (indicated with a "r" for residence) of 310 Colorado Blvd. with a phone number of FR-6348.

Another Fred Otash Ad, 1960's Not the slogans. "Investigation Today Is A Complex Science." "Internationally Known Private Investigator." (That was certainly a true statement!) Also note that Otash listed his association memberships, CAPI and CII. Listed specilizations are interesting including motion picture and still photography, radio and tape recording, mini-photograpy, laboratory, closed circuit TV, complete recording facilities. The basics of this ad and it's type layout would be relevant today.

National Checking System And Detective Agenices in Memphis, 1961 Unlike places like Hollywood California, domestic and divorce cases was not a staple type of investigation everywhere in the USA in the early 1960's. Memphis, Tn. only listed a dozen private investigative agenices in the yellow pages. Only two of them had small display ads. None of them advertised divorce or domestic investigations as a service offered.

A Two Page Magazine Ad, Pinkrton's, 1963

Globe Detective Agency Advertising Lighter, 1950's Here is a special advertising agency lighter from the 1950's that Globe International Detectives of Pa. gave away. It's typical of how investigative agencies in the 1950's promoted themselves.

Pinkerton National Detective Agency Testimonial Advertising Booklet, 1910 In 1910 Pinkerton National Detective Agency produced a promotional booklet that contained testimonials of various police departments that was 74 pages. The book was used to promote their services to banks. There was 65 testimonials in this promotional piece from 29 different states, Canada and England. You can click on the link above for larger view and more info.

Investigative Specializations In 1914 Frederick Wagner Detective Agency Course Ad, 1914 To the left are photos of advertising mailing material sent out by Frederick Wagner Detective Agency for a course on becoming a private detective dated Feb. 7, 1914. It states in part how one can enter the profession and earn $150.00 to $300.00 a month. It also states and I quote, " The full complete Detective Course is only $15.00 but they expect the price to rise to $25 soon so do not delay and enroll." Promo material teaches fifty different methods including, shadowing, disguises, circus detective, bogus employees, pool sharks and fire bugs. You can click on link above for close ups of material and more information about it which will also tell you about the major types of private investigations in 1914.

Reward And Notice Posters -Tends From The Past Prior to the establishment of the Federal Bureau Of Investigation, it was mainly private detective bureaus that were considered a national police force. During this time period, Pinkerton National Detective Agency and then Burns International Detective Agency dominated the market place. Reward and wanted posters as well as notice signs were an established part of conducting the investigation. Detective bureaus had a large market place in big cities for solving thefts, finding missing persons and recovering assets. It was very common practice to have hundreds of notice and reward posters printed up and circulated. That was also a good way for detective bureaus to advertise and get their named out. You can click on the link above to review an extensive collection of these old wanted, reward and notice posters.

William J. Burns International Detective Agency, Inc. Letterhead 1921 Note the fact that it listed some major clients and the phone number of 1775. Also note the contact via a cable address. A cable address was communications and contact through the telegraph ( see the presentation: The Telegraph, Private Investigators, Spies And Telegraph Eavesdropping )

The Spy Of The Rebellion By Allen Pinkerton Book And Ad, 1883 Allen Pinkerton's book, The Spy Of The Rebellion; was published in the late 1800's. It starts out with information about Lincoln's Presidential election, the attempted assassination of Lincoln that Pinkerton prevented and his involvement with the creation of the Secret Service as well as his spying activity during the Civil War. This page gives you a photo of the book and a four page ad about the book and how to become a salesman for it.

 

Advertising Ruler, Holmes Detective Bureau, Est. 1928

 

Various Ads From University of Applied Science Finger Print And Secret Intelligence Service Course, 1923 This course was one of the most successful detective courses that ever operated in the United States. The University Of Applied Science ran ads from the 1910's all the way into the 1960's. It successfully operated for about 60 years. Fingerprinting technology was hyped because when the course first started, fingerprint methods were the latest and most modern detection method there was. The ability to identify someone with fingerprints was a wonder back then. The private investigation trade was often called "Secret Intelligence Services" back in the 1910's. You can click on the link above and obtain more information about this long-running training program and get bigger photos of the ads that ran.

Pinkerton Letterhead In Early 1900's Note that this office hyped the fact that they were "connected by phone" Rumor has it that Allen Pinkerton wouldn't use a telephone and thought they were useless. In his hayday in the 1860's to the 1870's, he did use the telegraph ( see the presentation: The Telegraph, Private Investigators, Spies And Telegraph Eavesdropping ) a great deal, and likely bugged them at various points. However, to him the telephone was something he obviously didn't quite understand. It all fareness to Allen Pinkerton, he was quite aged by the time the telephone was invented. Who knows, maybe he figured out that they were too easy to bug. Then again, so was the telegraph.

Spears Investigation Bureau Ad 1953 Spears Investigation Bureau was located in Portland Oregon. In 1953, there were 13 investgiative services and four display ads listed in the Portland yellow page telephone direcrtory. The population of Portland in 1953 was about 70,500.To the right is their yellow page ad as it appeared in 1953. Note the logo making use of the Spear name. Note the Spears slogan "An Investigation Well Done Is A Case half Won." They specialized in "public and private" investigations. C. C. Spears was formly with the FBI and Army Air Corps Intellilgence. Like all ads of this time period, there were only two digits in the prefix of phone numbers and it was the custom to display them with letters (not numbers). The letters became words and you used the first two letters of the word. Thus BEacon was BE for BE-2567. You can click on the link above to see the other three display ads from the Portland 1953 yellow pages for private detectives.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject.

A private investigator, private detective, PI, or private eye, is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake investigations.

Overview

Private investigators often work for attorneys in civil cases or on behalf of a defense attorney. Many work for insurance companies to investigate suspicious claims. Before the advent of no-fault divorce, many private investigators were hired to search out evidence of adultery or other illegal conduct within marriage to establish grounds for a divorce. Despite the lack of legal necessity for such evidence in many jurisdictions, according to press reports collecting evidence of adultery or other "bad behavior" by spouses and partners is still one of the most profitable activities investigators undertake, as the stakes being fought over now are child custody, alimony, or marital property disputes.

Many jurisdictions require PIs to be licensed, and they may or may not carry firearms depending on local laws. Some are ex-police officers, although many are not. They are expected to keep detailed notes and to be prepared to testify in court regarding any of their observations on behalf of their clients. Taking great care to remain within the law in the scope is also required, as this may lead to the individual facing criminal charges. Irregular hours may also be required when performing surveillance work.

PIs also undertake a large variety of work that is not usually associated with the industry in the mind of the public. For example, many PIs are involved in process serving, the personal delivery of summons, subpoenas and other legal documents to parties in a legal case. The tracing of absconding debtors can also form a large part of a PI's work load. Many agencies specialize in a particular field of expertise. For example, some PI agencies deal only in tracing. Others may specialize in technical surveillance countermeasures, or TSCM, which is the locating and dealing with unwanted forms of electronic surveillance (for example, a bugged boardroom for industrial espionage purposes). Other PIs, also known as Corporate Investigators, specialise in corporate matters, including anti-fraud work, the protection of intellectual property and trade secrets, anti-piracy, copyright infringement investigations, due diligence investigations and computer forensics work.

Increasingly, modern PIs prefer to be known as "professional investigators" rather than "private investigators" or "private detectives". This is a response to the seedy image that is sometimes attributed to the profession and an effort to establish and demonstrate the industry to be a proper and respectable profession.

 

Global focus

In some countries throughout the world, private investigations are illegal. In other countries, private investigators thrive, including: United States, the Netherlands, Mexico, Canada, Turkey, United Kingdom, France, Spain, South Africa, Australia and Japan. In South Africa, private investigators are in very high demand due to poor police work and high crime rates. Other countries throughout the world have private investigators, but many of their duties are restricted. In South Korea, for example, surveillance is allowed only in insurance fraud situations. In India, working the same case may involve speaking with a large network of people, driving long distances, and contacting several companies over extended periods of time to solve the case. Some countries in the world require licensing of private detectives, but most do not.

 Working conditions

Private detectives and investigators often work irregular hours because of the need to conduct surveillance and contact people who are not available during normal working hours. Early morning, evening, weekend, and holiday work is common.

Many detectives and investigators spend time away from their offices conducting interviews or doing surveillance, but some work in their office most of the day conducting computer searches and making telephone calls. Those who have their own agencies and employ other investigators may work primarily in an office and have normal business hours.

When the private investigator is working on a case away from the office, the environment might range from plush boardrooms to seedy bars. Store and hotel detectives work in the businesses that they protect. Investigators generally work alone, but they sometimes work with others during surveillance or when following a subject in order to avoid detection by the subject.

Some of the work involves confrontation, so the job can be stressful and dangerous. Some situations call for the investigator to be armed, such as certain bodyguard assignments for corporate or celebrity clients. Detectives and investigators who carry handguns must be licensed by the appropriate authority. In most cases, however, a weapon is not necessary, because the purpose of the work is gathering information and not law enforcement or criminal apprehension. Owners of investigative agencies have the added stress of having to deal with demanding and sometimes distraught clients.

 

 Training, other qualifications, and advancement

There are no formal education requirements for most private detective and investigator jobs, although many private detectives have college degrees or have taken legal or criminal investigation courses. Private detectives and investigators typically have previous experience in other occupations. Some work initially for insurance or collections companies, in the private security industry, or as paralegals. Many investigators enter the field after serving in law enforcement, the military, government auditing and investigative positions, or federal intelligence jobs.

Former law enforcement officers, military investigators, and government agents, who are frequently able to retire after 20 or 25 years of service, often become private detectives or investigators in a second career. Others enter from such diverse fields as finance, accounting, commercial credit, investigative reporting, insurance, and law. These individuals often can apply their prior work experience in a related investigative specialty. A few enter the occupation directly after graduation from college, generally with associate's or bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, police science or with a private investigation diploma.

The majority of states in the United States and the District of Columbia require private detectives and investigators to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary, however. Seven states—-Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Dakota—- have no statewide licensing requirements, some states have very few requirements, and many other states have stringent regulations. A growing number of states are enacting mandatory training programs for private detectives and investigators. For example, the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services of the California Department of Consumer Affairs requires private investigators to be 18 years of age or older, have a combination of education in police science, criminal law, or justice and experience equalling 3 years (6,000 hours) of investigative experience, pass a criminal history background check by the California Department of Justice and the FBI (in most states, convicted felons cannot be issued a license), and receive a qualifying score on a two-hour written examination covering laws and regulations. There are additional requirements for a firearms permit.

For private detective and investigative jobs, most employers look for individuals with ingenuity, persistence, and assertiveness. A candidate must not be afraid of confrontation, should communicate well, and should be able to think on his or her feet. Good interviewing and interrogation skills also are important and usually are acquired in earlier careers in law enforcement or other fields. Because the courts often are the ultimate judge of a properly conducted investigation, the investigator must be able to present the facts in a manner that a jury will believe.

Training in subjects such as criminal justice and police science can be helpful to aspiring private detectives and investigators. Most corporate investigators must have a bachelor's degree, preferably in a business-related field. Some corporate investigators have a master's degree in business administration or a law degree, while others are CPAs. Corporate investigators hired by large companies may receive formal training from their employers on business practices, management structure, and various finance-related topics. The screening process for potential employees typically includes a background check for a criminal history.

Some investigators receive certification from a professional organization to demonstrate competency in a field. For example, the National Association of Legal Investigators (NALI) confers the Certified Legal Investigator designation to licensed investigators who devote a majority of their practice to negligence or criminal defense investigations. To receive the designation, applicants must satisfy experience, educational, and continuing-training requirements and must pass written and oral exams administered by the NALI.

Most private-detective agencies are small, with little room for advancement. Usually, there are no defined ranks or steps, so advancement takes the form of increases in salary and assignment status. Many detectives and investigators work for detective agencies at the beginning of their careers and, after a few years, start their own firms. Corporate and legal investigators may rise to supervisor or manager of the security or investigations department.

The median salary for a private investigator in the U.S. is $32,110 USD, according to 2004 data.

 

 History of the private investigator

In 1833 Eugène François Vidocq, a French soldier, criminal and privateer, founded the first known private detective agency, "Le bureau des renseignments" (Office of Intelligence) and hired ex-convicts. Official law enforcement tried many times to shut it down. In 1842 police arrested him in suspicion of unlawful imprisonment and taking money on false pretences after he had solved an embezzling case. Vidocq later suspected that it had been a set-up. He was sentenced for five years with a 3,000-franc fine but the Court of Appeals released him. Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology and ballistics to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster casts of shoe impressions. He created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of anthropometrics is still partially used by French police. He is also credited for philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen for real need.

After Vidocq, the industry was born. Much of what private investigators did in the early days was to act as the police in matters that their clients felt the police were not equipped for or willing to do. A larger role for this new private investigative industry to was to assist companies in labor disputes. Some early private investigators provided armed guards to act as a private militia.

In the U.S., the Pinkerton National Detective Agency was a private detective agency established in 1850 by Allan Pinkerton. Pinkerton had become famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate then President-Elect Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton's agents performed services which ranged from undercover investigations and detection of crimes to plant protection and armed security. It is sometimes claimed, probably with exaggeration, that at the height of its existence the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than the United States Army.

During the labor unrest of the late 19th century, companies sometimes hired operatives and armed guards from the Pinkertons and similar agencies to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of their factories. The most famous example of this was the Homestead Strike of 1892, when industrialist Henry Clay Frick hired a large contingent of Pinkerton men to regain possession of Andrew Carnegie's steel mill during a lock-out at Homestead, Pennsylvania. Gunfire erupted between the strikers and the Pinkertons, resulting in multiple casualties and deaths on both sides. Several days later a radical anarchist, Alexander Berkman, attempted to assassinate Frick. In the aftermath of the Homestead Riot, several states passed so-called "anti-Pinkerton" laws restricting the importation of private security guards during labor strikes. The federal Anti-Pinkerton Act of 1893 continues to prohibit an "individual employed by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, or similar organization" from being employed by "the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia."

Pinkerton agents were also hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno brothers, and the Wild Bunch, including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. The Pinkerton agency's logo, an eye embellished with the words "We Never Sleep," inspired the term "private eye."

It was not until the prosperity of the 1920s that the private investigator became a person accessible to the average American. With the wealth of the 1920s and the expanding of the middle class came the need for middle America.

Since then the private detective industry has grown with the changing needs of the public. Social issues like infidelity and unionization have impacted the industry and created new types of work, as has the need for insurance and with it insurance fraud, criminal defense investigations and the invention of low cost listening devices. In a number of countries a licensing process has been introduced which has put criteria in place which investigators have to meet: in most cases this is a clean criminal record. This has combined with modern business practices that have ensured that most investigators are now professional in outlook, rather than seeing the PI world as a second career opportunity for retired policemen.

Perhaps the most famous fictional PI is the Sherlock Holmes character created by Arthur Conan Doyle, who would refer to himself in the jargon of his age as a "consulting detective." (See Crime fiction for details.)

Since about the 1940s, PIs have been frequently found in fiction as a stock character; they are a hero archetype who stumbles into detective stories to solve a mystery case, whether it be a whodunit murder or other crime activity. The PI is usually cool, relaxed and intelligent. A stereotypical look would have him drink whiskey, smoke, dress in a trenchcoat and fedora and be a good marksman with his snubnosed revolver. A slang term for PI, often used in film noir and noir fiction, is "shamus." A perfect example of the stereotypical PI would be Jack Walters, the protagonist from the console videogame Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth, which is set in 1922, and draws not only on the detective story, but the gothic horror story as well, being expressly inspired by the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft.

PIs are also popular in television fiction, including such hit series as Charlie's Angels, Magnum P.I., Simon and Simon, Tropical Heat, Angel, Veronica Mars, Moonlighting, Remington Steele, The Rockford Files, Monk, Spenser: For Hire and Nice Guy Eddie, a BBC series in which Ricky Tomlinson played a PI based in Liverpool, where real-life investigator, Tony Smith, was used as a script consultant; the show aired for only six episodes. Both TV and movie PI fiction often utilize the device of the main character first-person voiceover to make up for the fact that visual fiction is rarely ever shot in the true first-person, as well as to provide exposition about the detective's thoughts. Meanwhile filmmakers like Joel and Ethan Coen (The Big Lebowski), David O. Russell (I ♥ Huckabees), and writers like Jennifer Colt (The Butcher of Beverly Hills), Laura Anne Gilman (Staying Dead) and Jim Butcher (The Dresden Files) have moved the traditional PI protagonist towards new genres. One such Genre was a 2004 made for TV movie based on a true story "Suburban Madness" starring "Sela Ward" as a real life female Private Investigator Bobbi Bacha owner of Blue Moon Investigations of Webster, Texas, is the agency that filmed dentist Clara Harris running over her cheating orthodontist husband with her Mercedes Benz killing him in an upscale Hotel parking lot. Bobbi Bacha is also know for working cases such as the mystery of Robert Durst the New York Millionaire that dismembered his neighbor and was suspected in the disappearance of his wife Kathie Durst as well as suspected in the murder of his friend daughter of a mobster Susan Berman in Los Angeles. Gene Dooling PI A Big Easy New Orleans PI Story in the dark alley's of Pirate's Alley in the French Quarter. Parco PI was a cable reality television show. The show featured Vinny Parco, a private investigator in New York City, New York. On Garrison Kellior's A Prairie Home Companion, a fictional character, Guy Noir is a private eye in St. Paul, Minnesota. Since 2000, the syndicated television show Cheaters has been on the air. The show focuses on infidelity cases, investigated by the Cheaters Detective Agency.

• This article is partly based on an article from the Occupational Outlook Handbook, which is in the public domain.

• Bureau of Labor Statistics information